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The passive voice (Passieve vorm)

Free Dutch grammar lesson · B1

The passive voice in Dutch

Dutch has two passive forms. One describes an action in progress (present and simple past) and one describes a result (perfect). English uses "to be" for both ("the house is being built" / "the house has been built"), so the split between worden and zijn is the main thing to learn.

Passive with worden: action in progress

Structure: worden (in the right tense) + past participle

Tense Auxiliary Example
Present wordt / worden Het huis wordt gebouwd.
Simple past werd / werden Het huis werd gebouwd.
Future zal worden Het huis zal worden gebouwd.

De brief wordt vandaag geschreven. — The letter is being written today.
De auto werd gisteren gewassen. — The car was washed yesterday.

Passive with zijn: the result

Structure: zijn (in the right tense) + past participle

This form stresses the finished state:

Het huis is gebouwd. — The house has been built (it is finished now).

Compare with worden:

Naming the agent: door

To say who performed the action, use door (by):

De brief wordt door Anna geschreven. — The letter is being written by Anna.

The perfect passive

For the perfect passive, Dutch uses zijn + past participle. Unlike German, standard Dutch does not add geworden:

De brief is geschreven. — The letter has been written.
not De brief is geschreven geworden.

From active to passive

Active Passive
Anna schrijft de brief. De brief wordt door Anna geschreven.
Anna schreef de brief. De brief werd door Anna geschreven.
Anna heeft de brief geschreven. De brief is door Anna geschreven.

The impersonal passive with er

Dutch can build a passive with no subject at all, something English cannot do:

Er wordt gewerkt. — Work is being done (someone is working).
Er werd gedanst. — There was dancing.

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